Rhizospheric Plant–Microbe Interactions: miRNAs as a Key Mediator

Plants interact with a diversity of microbes, especially in the rhizosphere. The plant and its associated microbes form coevolved unit called ‘holobiont’, implying emergence bi-directional interkingdom communication channels. miRNAs may be key mediators plant–microbe interactions, because they are well conserved throughout living, can conveyed by extracellular vesicles over long distances, part interactions. Plant taken up gut microbiota phytopathogens, resulting modulation microbial gene expression and, hence, community activity composition. In return, miRNA-like RNAs target genes act on their fitness. importance microorganisms development, nutrition, stress resistance is unquestioned has led to more holistic approach under holobiont concept. structure often described as host driven, rhizosphere, where communities shaped diverse rhizodeposits. Gradually, this anthropogenic vision fading being replaced idea that plants co-shape microbiota. Through coevolution, have developed cross-kingdom Here, we propose crucial interactions shaping Moreover, suggest, an alternative generally unsuccessful strategies based inoculants, promising tool for novel engineering. process during which two or species, sharing close ecological relationship, evolve simultaneously. involves species from distinct taxonomic high ranks (i.e., animals, plants, fungi, protists bacteria, archaea). movement between communities, one site another. random change population size due births deaths, happen small, low-diversity communities. spherical structures lipid membrane, comprising microvesicles exosomes, ranging 30 nm 1000 diameter, secreted organisms. EVs range mostly 20 500 nm. involved intercellular contain transport proteins, lipids, nucleic acids, other molecules. originally termed Lynn Margulis organism, animal, symbiotic associations; ‘holobiont’ now refers macrobe generally, numerous microbes. mechanism exchange bacterial cells. sample destined added soil, example. increase/decrease, respectively numbers certain group environmental conditions; also known ‘enrichment/depletion’. living specific region (e.g., human intestine, skin rhizosphere). variety carbon- nitrogen-rich compounds released roots into environment (root cells, mucilage, root exudates, soluble lysates, volatile compounds), responsible rhizosphere [18.Tian T. et al.The role rhizodeposits rhizomicrobiome.Environ. Microbiol. Rep. 2020; 12: 160-172Crossref PubMed Scopus (17) Google Scholar]. portion soil surrounding system, greatly influenced plant, notably via Microorganisms habitat differ those rhizoplane surface) endosphere (inside tissues). eukaryotic silencing at post-transcriptional level small noncoding [siRNA, miRNA ,and piwi-interacting (pi)RNA]. Prokaryotes similar mechanisms, such milRNA regulatory systems CRISPR-associated [64.Shabalina S. Koonin E. Origins evolution RNA interference.Trends Ecol. Evol. 2008; 23: 578-587Abstract Full Text PDF (313) class meristematic tips, sugars amino but including organic nucleotides, peptides, fatty secondary metabolites. composition exudates depends genotype, developmental stage, conditions [3.Sasse J. al.Feed your friends: do shape microbiome?.Trends Sci. 2018; 25-41Abstract (537) result biotic abiotic influence reproductive success fitness) individual species. This most studied regarding differences, environment, whereas study drift, dispersal, speciation field complex, even impossible, [20.Dini-Andreote F. Raaijmakers J.M. Embracing ecology microbiome research.Trends 467-469Abstract (26) evolutionary through form. nutritious substance used grow feed meet nutritional requirements.